Logo is a computer programming language designed for use by learners, including children. One of the ideas guiding its creation was the principle "low floor, high ceiling." This means that it should be easy for the novice programmer to get started (the "low floor") writing programs and getting satisfaction doing so, but that the language should be powerful and extensive in a "sky is the limit" sort of way (the "high ceiling"). Logo was originally developed by Daniel Bobrow and Wallace Feurzeig at Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc., and Seymour Papert, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the 1960's. (See "2: What was the genesis of Logo?" below.) It was based on the goal of allowing people to use computers to manipulate things more familiar than the then-prevalent numbers and equations. Logo borrowed the techniques of symbolic computation(manipulating words and ideas) from the LISP programming language used in artificial intelligence research. Powerful computer science concepts of the procedure, recursion, programs-as-data are built into Logo. In its early days Logo was used to control a simple robot called the "turtle" because the first one had a turtle-like shell. Children would type commands such as FORWARD 50 to make the robot go forward 50 steps, or RIGHT 90 to make it turn right ninety degrees. The turtle robot carried a pen, so children could make drawings on a piece of paper. Later the turtle "migrated" to the computer screen when graphics terminals became available. This was good for several reasons: it was much cheaper, it was faster, and accurate geometric drawings could be made. Floor turtles remain interesting because they can sense their environment (for example, they can have switches that activate when they bump into a wall) and this information can be used to write feedback-controlled navigation programs. Logo's designers came to see the turtle as an important part of the Logo language. Children (and later teachers) who were first using computer could begin by "talking to the turtle," typing in commands to make it move. They could imagine how the turtle moved by "playing turtle"---moving their bodies as the turtle would. Papert called this "body syntonicity," the idea of understanding how some external object worked by thinking about your own body. He felt that the turtle as an "object to think with" was a powerful way to be introduced to the idea of programming. Logo teaches problem solving, logical thinking, constructive methods and allows the user to interactively create and manipulate mathematical processes. [Fred Martin | fredm@media-lab.media.mit.edu | (617) 253-7143 MIT Media Lab | Epistemology and Learning Group | Cambridge, MA 02139] [Brian Harvey, bh@anarres.cs.berkeley.edu] [Paul Wexelblat, University of Massachusetts Lowell, wex@cs.uml.edu] Logo is a dialect of LISP, notably one that a) eliminates much of the need for interminable nested parentheses and other notational nuisances found in other LISPs, giving kids a simple notation consisting of prefix function invocations and infix arithmetic, and b) adds to LISP a graphical "turtle" and the accompanying finite differential geometry. Why program in a dialect of LISP? It's interactive and interpreted. Both interactive command lines and user-written functions use a single notation that supplies immediate results. There is no edit-compile-link-run cycle with its inherent delay in providing results. Logo performs housekeeping operations such as memory management transparently. The flip side for interpreters is that they run slower than compiled native code, but Logo compiler systems have begun to appear, and machines are always becoming faster.
BASIC is interactive and interpreted. Why not program in BASIC?
In the beginning all BASIC variables were global and all BASIC control was based on line numbers. BASIC provided terrible support for composing hierarchical programs, and hierarchy is the primary tool for partitioning software complexity and making programming problems tractable. Logo, on the other hand, treats all programming uniformly as the creation and invocation of functions composed, in their turns, of functions, down to the core functional vocabulary of the language. New versions of BASIC have borrowed some functional features from other programming languages, putting them into non-standard forms that are not portable among BASIC dialects. Logo, in contrast, has had composition of functions at its core from the beginning, and is close enough to a standard to support code and design sharing among all well-conceived dialects. Logo's lists and property-value pairs support data structuring superior to any standard BASIC facilities. Logo also continues to support run-time equivalence of language and data, a characteristic common to LISPs but not to most other programming notations. This feature gives very strong support for the ability to create custom languages tailored to their applications. [Dale Parson, Bell Labs, dale@mhcnet.att.com]
2. What was the genesis of Logo? According to Wally Feurzeig in his article in *Digital Deli*, 1984, Logo was named by him at BBN and Paul Wexelblat built the first turtle on the floor. The name of the article is Logo Lineage. In the article Seymour Papert was called in as a consultant on the functional characteristcs. [Linc, James Internet: Gowj@novavax.nova.edu] Logo was developed at BBN in the 60's, Seymour was a consultant on the BBN project. The first implementation of what we now know and love as Logo, was written in LISP (surprise, huh?) on a PDP-1 (at BBN). Its name was "ghost". The goal then, was basic problem solving; the turtle gave immediate (non-written) feedback so bugs could be spotted *and it was fun*. Lots of other effects have been proposed as causes... Power was NOT a significant factor in the design, ease of use for non-typists who had to use a Teletype (r), was a big consideration, plus informative error comments. The turtle was a rather late innovation, Logo is not too much different now from the basic concepts before I built the first turtle. The first turtle was a radio controlled (wireless) floor roamer named "Irving" -- after the punchline of a then current joke. Irving had touch sensors and could do forward, back, right, left (rotations), and ding (Irving had a bell). Irving had his name changed when I started dating a girl who's father was named Irving. I designed and built Irving, and I added the turtle commands to Logo (then implemented on a different BBN PDP-1 in Assembly Language). Folklore: Earliest school users...Muzzy Jr High, Lexington MA the elementary school in Lincoln, MA FROTZ, GEFULTE, UNFROTZ and KREBS were 4 early built-in function names (hidden and unlikely to be guessed). Both Wally F. and I are available via email (Wally is feurzeig@bbn.com, and I am wex@uml.edu) although I am not able to do the FAQ, I would certainly be interested in helping with the history of the early Logo. BTW, Seymour is seymour@media.mit.edu (MIT Media Lab, down the road a piece). [Paul Wexelblat, University of Massachusetts Lowell, wex@cs.uml.edu]
Turtle geometry is geometry that describes paths "from within" rather than "from outside" or "from above." For example, "turn right" means turn right relative to whatever direction you were heading before; by contrast, "turn east" specifies an apparently absolute direction. A Logo user or program manipulates the graphical turtle by telling it to move forward or back some number of steps, or by telling it to turn left or right some number of degrees. There are two advantages to turtle geometry. One is that many paths are more simply described in relative than in absolute terms. For example, it's easy to indicate the absolute coordinates of the corners of a square with vertical and horizontal sides, but it's not so easy to find the corners of an inclined square. In turtle geometry the same commands (go FORWARD, turn RIGHT 90 degrees, etc.) work for squares with any orientation. The second advantage is pedagogic rather than computational: turtle geometry is compatible with a learner's own experience of moving in the world--it's "body syntonic." [Brian Harvey, bh@anarres.cs.berkeley.edu] With its graphical pen down a turtle draws colored lines as it moves. A remarkable array of graphical creations, from elementary shapes such as circles and squares to complex recursive curves and fractal monsters, can arise from this body-centered model of geometry. Logo does provide for Cartesian coordinate and global heading usage as adjuncts to the body-centered turtle commands.The first turtles were mechanical devices that carried pens and drew on paper on the floor. Modern Logos support at least one graphical turtle and multiple graphical colors, sometimes of varying line widths. Turtle graphics now also appear in other programming languages, sometimes as function or class libraries. Advanced turtle graphics packages provide for multiple concurrently acting turtles with velocity. For introducing young kids to turtle geometry I advocate going for walks with good local maps in hand. In fact the best maps are those for beginning orienteering courses. Orienteering is a sport where you look for checkpoints in the woods using a detailed topographical map. Beginners' courses are mostly along trails and other "linear features," and compasses are useful mostly to figure which way to orient the map when you first get started or when you lose focus (especially kids). Advanced courses can require more serious compass use. The left and right turns, scaled steps, planning, problem solving, even the geometry, linear algebra and fractals are there if you care to pursue them. I understand from a pilot friend that navigating from the air is just as good, as undoubtedly is navigating at sea, but at about $3 to $5 per map at a typical meet you can't beat orienteering as a cost effective way for introducing kids to navigation and all the math that follows. In the U.S. to find your local club contact: U.S. Orienteering Federation P. O. Box 1444 Forest Park, GA 30051 Beginners' courses are < 2 miles, take snacks for the kids. [Dale Parson, Bell Labs, dale@mhcnet.att.com] Programming isn't the point. How can computers help kids learn? There are two kinds of answers. One, the answer of most educational software, is to pick out some particular fact that you want a kid to know, and write a program that teaches it. The paradigmatic example is the boring arithmetic drill program, but even a non-boring, popular program such as the "Where in ... is Carmen Sandiego" series is basically teaching facts of geography. There are lessons built into the program. Once you've learned those lessons, there is nothing more to gain from such a program. The other answer is that the computer is a flexible tool that can be useful to a kid in learning *ANYTHING*, just as computers are useful to adults in almost any occupation. The same spreadsheet program can be used by an accountant, a physicist, or a school administrator. It turns out that the way to make computers most flexible at serving kids is to empower the kids to be able to tell the computer what they want--and that's programming. Beyond this generality lie lots of examples. Here are a couple: (1) Much of mathematics is the study of functions--a language that expresses transformations of one thing into another, such as F(X) = 3X + 7. It's trivial to express such a function as a Logo procedure, and once you've done that, you can explore interesting ideas such as the composition of functions. What's F(G(X))? Just ask Logo! (2) In English grammar the parts of speech are generally taught by arbitrary definition and then analysis of of sentences. This is notoriously boring because it's disconnected froma child's natural experience of language. Instead, try teaching these ideas by *synthesis* of sentences; write a program to make up sentence that match some pattern, like The _____ _____ saw the _____ _____ . Ex: The red fix saw the blue elephant. What other words can we use in place of "red"? ... and so on. Some people do also consider computer programming to be an interesting and valuable study for its own sake, but you don't have to take that view to want kids to have Logo. [Brian Harvey, bh@anarres.cs.berkeley.edu] An important outcome of working with non-trivial program construction is the creation of a healthy attitude toward the existence of bugs. This attitude could generalize into other, non-mathematical domains. School has a model that a student should study it and, at least on the test, get it right the first time. Anyone who has designed software knows that there are bugs. When bugs appear you investigate them and learn something. Sometimes you fix them and sometimes you even turn them into features. I think programming has something to teach the whole educational establishment about the relationship of a learner to unexpected features--bugs--in their conceptual models. [Dale Parson, Bell Labs, dale@mhcnet.att.com] Seymour Papert's book *Mindstorms* describes the approach of giving children simple tool so their energy and imagination can be powerfully applied to concept exploration and leaning. A central tool is the Logo language and its turtles. [PGO] 6. Where can I learn more about Logo? a. *Mindstorms: Children, Computers and Powerful Ideas*, Seymour Papert, Basic Books, 1980. b. *The Children's Machine: Rethinking School in the Age of the Computer*, Seymour Papert, Basic Books, 1993. c. The Epistemology and Learning Group at the MIT Media Laboratory, headed by Seymour Papert, 20 Ames Street Room 309, Cambridge, MA 02139. Write to E&L Publications and ask for the publications bibliography, or send a rquest to "el-pub@media.mit.edu". Some papers are available via anonymous FTP from cher.media.mit.edu(18.85.0.47) (Postscript printer required). d. The Logo Foundation, 250 West 57th Street, New York, NY, 10107-2603, Michael Tempel, president. michaelt@media.mit.edu or phone 212 765-4918, fax 212-765-4789. They publish *Logo Update* three times a year for free, also distribute Logo books, articles, videos and software. e. The International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE), 1787 Agate Street, Eugene, OR 97403-1923, phone 503-346-4414, publishes *Logo Exchange*, a quarterly journal, and a dozen Logo books. ISTE also supports SIGLogo, a special interest group for Logo-using educators. f. Council for Logo in Mathematics Education (CLIME), 10 Bogert Ave., White Plains, NY 10606, phone 914-946-5143, an affiliate of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, publishes a newsletter and CLIME Microworlds--collections of Logo programs and tools. See "Books" below. [Portions of above taken from *Logo Update*, Spring, 1993.] Microworlds are well-structured, open-ended environments for learning that focus on some problem domain, but do not have specific lessons built in. Most often, the word 'microworld' is used in reference to a computer environment, but the word can be taken to mean more generally, any well-structured, focused but open-ended learning situation. Perhaps the most well-known microworld is that of turtle geometry. The turtle obeys specific commands in a well-defined way, creating an environment for explorations in 'turtle geometry,' a relative geometry that is just as rigorous and logical as Cartesian geometry, yet often much easier to understand. This idea of a system of rules and constraints that has its own internal logic, yet encourages exploration, construction, and learning, is the essence of a microworld. In "Computer-Based Microworlds: A Bridge between Constructivism and Direct Instruction," Proceedings of Selected Research Presentations at the Annual Convention of the Assoc. for Educational Communications and Technology, 1991, Lloyd Rieber offers five considerations for the design of microworlds:
Getting Started; Computer systems and Programs 8. How do I get started with Logo? Get hold of a Logo interpreter and a tutorial and take it for a test drive. Turtle graphics is a popular place to start, although check out list processing early on to get some balance. Some public domain Logos appear below, so the test run needn't be expensive. A Logo user can operate in interactive mode, playing with pictures and symbol storage, working up to deferred execution via function definition. For the REALLY young there's INSTANT Logo, which is a simple Logo program that lets kids march the turtle around by hitting F R L B for forward (some amount), right 90, left 90 and back respectively. Four year olds have been known to master the basic interactive turtle commands. Anyone know of younger kids doing so? There are several major dialects and some spinoffs missing significant features of a Logo functional language. They run on almost all home style computer systems and most departmental machines like Vaxen. The first two vendor entries in this section from LCSI and Terrapin operate on several different machine platforms. Machine-specific Logos from Harvard Associates, Paradigm Software, ExperTelligence and others follow. Finally comes a section on public domain Logos. If you know of an active Logo compiler, interpreter, tool or library vendor or product that's missing, please submit an entry to the FAQ. Information on non-English Logo implementations is needed here. a. "LogoWriter," a modern version of the Logo language, is sold by Logo Computer Systems, Inc. (LCSI). Papert and past students of his are principals in this company. LogoWriter is the most popular version of Logo available today. LCSI This is really the main one, 3300 Cote Vertu Rd. They have a New York Office. Suite 201 We have dealt happily with this one however. Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4R 2B7 (800) 321-LOGO or (514) 331-7090 Logo Computer Systems, Inc.P.O. Box 162 Highgate Springs, VT 05460 * Logo Computer Systems, Inc. sells a version of its LogoWriter product for MSDOS, Apple II & Mac. * LCSI has released a new flagship Logo product (Summer, '93) named "Microworlds". Microworlds includes multi-tasking, interface objects with Logo programs behind them, draw tools, and other modern computer environment features. It runs on Macs, although there may be a DOS version (will run as a DOS application under MS Windows) in 1994. WE COULD USE A REVIEW OF THIS. b. Terrapin Logo has some minor software differences from the LCSI dialect. They publish Terrapin Logo for Macs, Apple II, and Commodore 64, LogoPLUS for the Apple II, and a Logo for MSDOS.Terrapin Software 400 Riverside St.Portland, ME 04103 800-972-8200 o What do I need to know about Apples? The two major companies supplying Logo for the Apple family are LCSI and Terrapin. If it is a GS, specify that since the LCSI for the GS is quite enhanced over the c/e/+ variety. Cost seems to be from $75-$100. c. 3D Logo & HyperLogo GS (FAQ question--Who is the vendor here?) The following info was gathered from a series of msgs from America Online - send email to MikeW50@aol.com for more details. The little I know extra about 3D Logo is this - it's a stand alone environment, whose programs can be interchanged if one is careful (obviously if one writes code accessing devices which only exist on one or the other environment, etc. the code won't be portable). HyperStudio is a button oriented multimedia development package which has been quite popular in the Apple IIgs environment and is apparently being 'ported' to the Macintosh. Logo will be at least one of the languages supported as a 'button' language (ala hypertalk, etc.) The language includes the ability to create 3D animated 'movies' - the package comes with 3D glasses to see the images. You can also order _both_ now for $85 plus $5 shipping. You'll be charged $55 now, and the balance when HyperLogo GS ships. You _can_ order by e-mail. If you do, be sure and include: Name 3D Logo GS - This is the stand alone version of Logo for the GS. It should be shipping now. HyperLogo GS - This is the Logo for HyperStudio GS. They expect this one to be out in mid to late September. (See also Mac entries below for 3D Logo & HyperLogo). [Larry W. Virden INET: lvirden@cas.org] You also might want to check out some of the mail order companies. Educational Resources might be a good bet. 1-800-624-2926. In the summer of 1991, Joe Abernathy had an article in Incider magazine on a large number of Logo packages for the Apple family. o What do I need to know about PCs? LCSI and Terrapin supply DOS Logos. Cost seems to be from $75-$100. IBM sells a LOGO for their own machines. In the past, it has been much more expensive. d. PC Logo version 4.0, 1993, from Harvard Assoc. suports EGA & VGA for DOS, PCX graphics files, and multiple turtles. Harvard Associates 10 Holworthy St. Cambridge, MA 02138 800-776-4610 e. A DOS version of WINLOGO, with a Windows version planned, is available from Softeast Corp. It uses multiple, DOS-based windows and includes hooks for C and assembler subroutines. Softeast Corporation Knox Trail Office Bldg. 2352 Main St. Concord, MA 01742 508-897-3172 WIN-Logo is a version of Logo for the PC that was originally developed in the Spanish language and has recently been ported to English. This Logo uses a windowed environment to implement the command console, editing buffer, and graphic screen as well as other Features. It runs on IBM-PCs with EGA graphics or better. (Note: despite its name, WIN-Logo is /not/ an MS-Windows application; rather it is a regular MS-DOS application that has its own window/mouse-oriented GUI.) [But a Windows version is now (1993) planned.] See also Berkeley Logo and MS Windows Logo under public domain below. o What do I need to know about MACs? Five Logos are now available for MAC. * Terrapin Mac Logo is a fairly standard Logo with a few hooks into Mac features such as Quickdraw. It also has arrays and strings. The debugging tools are better than most Logos. It has multiple turtles. You can change the turtle shape to be Mac bitmaps (or arrays of Mac bitmaps which change as it turns). You can import MacPaint gr aphics, etc. You can have several windows open at once, and you can control the windows with Logo commands. You can save an Edit window as text, preserving comments (if you save a workspace, Logo reformats everything). Terrapin Mac Logo lists at $99.95. It comes with a reference manual and a nice tutorial about programming in Logo. f. Object Logo from Paradigm Software, Inc P.O. Box 2995 Cambridge, MA 02238 617 576-7675 fax: 617 576-7680 email: PARADIGM@APPLELINK.APPLE.COM * Object Logo is now sold and supported by Paradigm Software. Object Logo is an extremely powerful implementation. It compiles Logo programs into native machine code programs that run very fast. It supports Macintosh windows, Quickdraw, etc. In addition its main advance is an object-oriented extension to Logo with message passing and inhe ritance; for example, the Object Logo user can define new kinds of turtles that are like ordinary ones except that ________ (e.g., they draw dotted lines instead of solid ones). The Object Logo student edition costs $49.95 and includes all of the features of the $195 Object Logo version 2.61 except for MIDI music and Lego Robotics (available as options) and the ability to compile standalone applications. g. ExperLogo is available from ExperTelligence, Inc. It is a compiled Logo with 1,2, and 3 dimensional bunnies (everybody else has turtles...bunnies go faster). It supports Quickdraw calls, menu changes, and is chock full of functions and commands. The cost is $150. The address I have from AI Expert (6/89) is: ExperTelligence, Inc 5638 Hollister Ave. Ste 302 Goleta, CA 93117 (805) 967-1797 [Gerald A. Edgar edgar@mps.ohio-state.edu] h. HyperLogo Mac 2.0 (?) - This is the next version of HyperLogo for the Mac. It will have callbacks, a smoother user interface, and so forth. They expected to finish it around the end of August. It will be tested for a while by Roger Wagner Publishing, then released by them. 3D Logo Mac - This is the stand alone Logo for the Mac. It should be out in October sometime, probably early. See HyperLogo GS and 3D Logo GS under Apple II above for details. [Larry W. Virden INET: lvirden@cas.org] See also Berkeley Logo under public domain below. o What are the Other Computer Systems? Atari 800XL Anybody have FAQ entries to submit for here? 9. Public Domain and Shareware Logos? a. Berkeley Logo (this last updated August, 1993): Release 3.0 of Berkeley Logo is now available by anonymous FTP. Versions are available for Unix systems, DOS machines, and Macintoys. The PC distribution includes two executable programs. BL.EXE runs on any PC, but is limited to 640K of memory. UCBLOGO.EXE requires a 286-or-better processor, but is able to take advantage of extended memory if you have it. Read the README file for technical details. Thanks to many people who reported bugs, and several people who actually sent bug fixes. I am particularly grateful to George Mills, who caught a bunch of bugs, and to Randy Sargent, who finally zapped the dreaded memory leak. FTP to anarres.cs.berkeley.edu and get any of the following files: pub/ucblogo/ucblogo.tar.Z Unix sources and documentation pub/ucblogo/blogo.exe PC version, PKZIP form, including executables BL.EXE and UCBLOGO.EXE pub/ucblogo/ucblogo.sea Mac version, StuffIt form, w/ executable Logo pub/ucblogo/usermanual Just the documentation file. pub/ucblogo/csls.tar.Z Logo programs from Computer Science Logo Style Be sure to use BINARY transfer mode when retrieving the archive files! The DOS version is in the form of a self-extracting PKZIP archive. To install it, put blogo.exe on your hard disk and say blogo -d The Mac version is in the form of a self-extracting StuffIt archive. To install it, just copy to your hard disk and double-click on it. The Unix version is a compressed tar file. To install it, copy to your directory, then say uncompress
ucblogo.tar The DOS and Mac versions include a SOURCE subdirectory containing the C source files used to compile Berkeley Logo. If you don't want to play with the code, you can delete this directory and all its contents. Advantages of Berkeley Logo: *
It's free. Disadvantages of Berkeley Logo: *
It's pretty slow. If you don't have FTP access, but can read a 3.5-inch disk, send me $3.00 to cover costs and tell me whether you want the Mac or the PC version (or send $6.00 for both) and I'll send you a disk. (Outside North America, please send US $4.00 for one disk or $7.00 for both.) The PC disk includes both PC versions. This offer is good until October 1, 1993. (I am hoping to arrange to have the program distributed by people who are really in that business, instead of doing it myself. I'll post details when they're available.) Brian
Harvey [Brian Harvey, bh@anarres.cs.berkeley.edu]
b. MS Windows Logo (this last updated November, 1993): MswLogo Version 3.5 for Micro-Soft Windows 3.0,1 is ready !!! -------------------------------------------------------------
Contents --------
Part I) Kit Description/Location: Part II) New features/bugs fixed:
Part I) Kit Description/Location:
The "base kit" is for users with Windows 3.1. The "extensions kit" is for Windows 3.0 users. The "extensions kit" is not a FULL kit, you still need the "base kit" for any installation. The "base kit" includes the only documentation in Microsoft Windows Write (.WRI) format. You can load it into Write and print for any format you have drivers for, including postscript. mswlgo35.zip (base kit: Windows 3.1) mswext35.zip (extensions kit: Windows 3.0) mswsrc35.zip (source kit: most sites) You will find kits at the following locations. itrc::/millspub/mswlgo35.zip (this is a DEC internal location) (vms:$ spool copy itrc::"/millspub/mswlgo35.zip" []mswlgo35.zip) or cher.media.mit.edu on pub/comp.lang.logo/programs/mswlogo or compuserv on LOGOFORUM LIB 11 MSWL35.ZIP,MSWE35.ZIP,MSWS35.ZIP or Send the following message to: ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com ----cut here---- connect 18.85.0.47 binary uuencode chdir pub/comp.lang.logo/programs/mswlogo get mswlgo35.zip quit ----cut here----
Send the following message to: ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com for more information on ftpmail ----cut here---- help ----cut here----
Note: The ftpmail server suggested here it is a common service to internet users from Digital Equipment Corporation.
You can also obtain an installation floppy by Postal Mail.
Send a Self-Addressed (Post Paid) package to:
George Mills 33 Thoreau Road Northboro MA 01532
The package MUST contain a 1.44 or 1.2 Formatted Floppy. Since the kit is getting large and expensive to down load I don't mind anyone asking for it by Postal Mail.
Part II) New features/bugs fixed:
Thanks to many folks for spotting many of these bugs.
1) Build a kit area on floppy or hard disk: C:\> format a: /u or C:\> mkdir logokit C:\> a: C:\> cd logokit 2) Unzip the kit to that area: C:\> pkunzip -d c:\mswlgo35.zip (You must use -d switch) 2b) For windows 3.0 (ONLY) you need to "modify" the kit: C:\> pkunzip -o c:\mswext35.zip (-o is for Overwrite) 3) Install it: C:\> win a:\setup 10. Non-English Logo implementations? Anyone care to write this entry?
11. Public domain or shareware Logo applications, Logo-like environments and code libraries? a. The Logo Foundation (see above) above has CLIME Microworlds (math ed), Logo Music Tools & some other goodies for assorted Logos. b. The "segs package is currently available from dale@mhcnet.att.com, & has been run on Berkeley Logo & MSWLogo. It allows you to graphically operate on a set of line segments (operators: bend, cut, splice, branch, insert, delete, reflect, swap, turn, undo & redo) that serve as a declarative representation for a recursive curve generator. Segs automatically generates Logo code from line segment templates, so the line segments serve as a declarative programming language. It is inspired in part by the L-systems of *Algorithmic Beauty of Plants c. Ladybug is not Logo, but is a turtle graphics program inspired by Logo. It is from David N. Smith from 44 Ole Musket Lane, Danbury, CT 06810 as of 1984. He allows educational institutions and others to freely hand it out but not for profit. It does Logo graphics and also includes a sound capability. Runs on a CGA system, others may be available. d. LogoMation is a programming environment for people, young and not so young, doing their first steps in programming. It introduces the concepts of programming and program design through a programming language that supports advanced graphics, animation and sound. It is available at fine FTP sites and archives all over the U.S., including - sumex LogoMation runs on Macintosh computers equipped with a 68020 processor or better, system 6.0.7 or better, and color QuickDraw (note that it does not *have* to be a color mac, although it's a lot more fun in color). It is a $25 shareware. LOGOMATION IS *NOT* THE TRADITIONAL LOGO LANGUAGE, although like Logo it supports the notion of turtle graphics, and is easy enough to be used even by very young users. LogoMation features * Turtle graphics, e.g. Forward and Left commands. Straight
and Circle movement modes. [Chuck Shavit email: chuck@ksr.com](Please note that LogoMation is not related to what I do at KSR) One resource for AppleII's is: MECC (Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium?) to which many public school systems subscribe, has an application called EZLogo, it allows limited commands such as only turns of x*30 degrees, no saving of procedures if I remember right. I used it when I was student teaching and it was the only thing available. [Charlotte Hitchcock ] Logo in Education 12, What do the schools use Logo for? I finally tracked down my "Seeding Mindstorms with Logo" information. It is a paperback book designed for elementary teachers to use to develop basic geometry, shape, writing and problem solving skills (as well as probably a few more skills). I paid $5.95 for the book, which I got from Interactive Education Technologies, P.O. Box 393; Fontana, WI 53125. Their phone number is (414) 275-9474. [jp2r+@andrew.cmu.edu] Another interesting Logo user is SummerMath, a math camp for girls at Mt. Holyoke College in S. Hadley, MA (Alan Lipp, computer person) where high school girls spend 2 hrs/day for six weeks with Logo - they do some pretty advanced stuff, more than most schools I've run into. [Charlotte Hitchcock ] 12A: What results have been obtained from the use of Logo in the classroom? There is some research in this area, I don't have many references at hand, but historically, they look at things like establishing earlier skill mastery, better cognition or problems solving approaches, better self image, less fear of computers and technology,...aid to handicapped students, etc. This is a tough subject to get a start in, because there are so many uncontrolled variables. Some refs across a wide spectrum that might be of use; the quality of the papers is uneven. Cuneo, D. ``Young Children and Turtle Graphics Programming: Understanding Turtle Commands.'' Paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for research in Child Development, Toronto, Apr 1985. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 260 800) Emihovich, C. and Miller, G. ``Effects of Logo and CAI on Black First Grader's Achievement, Reflectivity and Self-Esteem.'' ``Elementary School Journal,'' 1988, Vol 88, No 5, pp 473-487. Harckham, L. ``The Impact of Microcomputer Instruction on Handicapped Students: Second Year Findings.'' Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the Council for Exceptional Children, New Orleans, Mar-Apr 1986. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 280 245) Munro-Mavria, S. ``Computer Programming by Kindergarten Children Using Logo.'' Paper presented at the Association for Media and technology in education in Canada/ADATE Confluence '83, Montreal, June 21, 1983.(ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 237 066) Siann, G., McLeod, H., Glisskov, P., \& Durndell, A. ``The Effect of Computer Use on Gender Differences in Attitudes to Computers.'' ``Computers Educ'' 1990 Vol 14, No. 2 pp 183-191, (Great Britain: Pergammon Press, plc) |